比尔盖茨发文阐述：电力不稳定造成的隐性成本

    比尔盖茨***近写道，电力不稳定造成了许多隐性成本。这样的停电不仅不方便，而且可能会造***员***。我们可以通过开发使清洁能源生产、储存和运输更便宜的方法来解决能源贫困和气候变化问题。

    回想一下上次停电的时候。这可能不是一个好的记忆——它可能包括在黑暗中度过一整晚，或者在没有空调的炎热的一天。如果长时间停电，即使是冰箱里的食物也可能开始变质。你家里的电力供应可能在几分钟或几小时内***。但是全世界近10亿人没有电力供应，或者因为电力不稳定，他们不能指望电力供应。对他们来说，停电可以持续几天甚至几周。这样的停电不仅造成不便，而且可能导致人员***。

    许多没有可靠电力的人生活在农村地区，甚至连***都不能依靠电力。断电后，医生有时无法判断冰箱里的***是否变质。如果停电发生在晚上，压力会更大。有时，卫生工作者别无选择，只能用烛光或手机照明来******。当家里没有电的时候，很难给手机充电。人们需要步行到当地商店，花费至少25美分将手机插入太阳能插座。成本可以迅速累积-事实上，使用充电站比在家里充电手机贵上百倍。但是那些家里没有电的人别无选择。移动电话使家庭能够获得改善他们生活的服务和商业机会，因此许多人会把他们所有的钱都花在使用上。对于生活在能源贫困中的近10亿人来说，这些隐性成本每天都在发生。因此，帮助世界穷人摆脱贫困的关键之一就是增加电力覆盖。好消息是，自2016年以来，没有可靠电力的人数减少了2亿多人。也就是说，还有2亿人可以在日落后学习，使用电子设备，在家给手机充电。同时，增加能源消耗意味着增加温室气体排放。煤炭和***产生二氧化碳，因此，除非我们对能源生产过程进行脱碳，否则排放量将继续增加，随着能源消耗的增加，气候变化将变得更加严重。问题是，***常见的低排放技术-风能和太阳能-只能在风或阳光吹的时候使用。此外，电池既不便宜，也不可持续，这不足以使这两种能源成为贫穷农村社区的现实解决方案。因此，他们必须依靠更便宜的能源（主要是化石燃料）来增加大气中的碳含量。即使能源使用略有增加，***贫困的人在***排放中所占的份额也相当有限。如果我们要阻止气候变化，三、四级***将需要做出***大的改变。但我相信，我们可以通过开发使清洁能源生产、储存和运输更便宜的方法来解决能源贫困和气候变化问题。我***近写了一些有前途的创新解决方案。我乐观地认为，能源技术的创新将帮助我们改善***贫困者的生活，为实现零碳未来铺平道路。

The hidden costs of unreliable electricityThink back to the last time you experienced a power outage. It probably wasn't a great memory. Maybe it involved spending the evening in the dark without anything to do or spending a hot day without air conditioning. If the power was out for a long time, maybe even the food in your fridge began to spoil.

Your power probably came back within a couple minutes or hours. But for the nearly 1 billion people around the world who don't h***e access to electricity-or whose access is so unreliable that they can never count on h***ing power-an outage can go on for days or even weeks. And these outages are more than just an inconvenience. They can be deadly.

Many people without reliable access to electricity live in rural villages where even health clinics can't count on h***ing power. After an outage, doctors sometimes h***e no way of telling whether the life-s***ing vaccines in their refrigerators h***e spoiled. It can be even more stressful if a power outage occurs at night. Sometimes health workers h***e no choice but to treat patients by candlelight, or by the light of a mobile phone.

Even recharging a mobile phone is tricky when there isn't electricity at home. It requires walking to a local store and paying 25 cents or more to plug the phone into a solar-powered outlet. That cost adds up fast. It's actually hundreds of times more expensive to use charging stati*** than it is to charge a phone at home. But those without electricity don't h***e an alternative. Mobile phones enable families to access services and business opportunities that improve their lives, so many pay whatever they h***e to in order to use their phones.

These hidden expenses are a daily reality for the nearly 1 billion people who live in energy poverty. That's one reason why increasing access to electricity is critical to lifting the world's poor out of poverty. The good news is that, since 2016, the number of people living without reliable electricity has dropped by more than 200 million. That's two hundred million more people who can now study after sundown, use electronic appliances, and charge their phones at home.

At the same time, increased energy c***umption means increased greenhouse gas emissi***. Methods of generating electricity like coal and natural gas generate carbon dioxide, so unless we decarbonize the way we produce energy, emissi*** will continue to increase-and climate change will get worse-as energy c***umption goes up.

The problem is that the most common technologies that produce less emissi***-wind and solar-are only ***ailable when the wind is blowing or the sun is shining. And batteries aren't cheap or long-lasting enough to make either one a realistic solution for poor rural communities. So they h***e to rely on cheaper energy sources-mostly fossil fuels-that add carbon to the atmosphere.

Even with this uptick in energy usage, the world's poorest are resp***ible for a pretty modest share of the world's emissi***. If we're going to stop climate change, the biggest changes will need to come from level 3 and 4 countries. But I believe we can tackle energy poverty and climate change at the same time by developing ways to make clean energy cheaper to produce, store, and transport. I recently wrote about several promising new soluti***. I'm hopeful that innovati*** in energy technology will help us improve the lives of the poorest while p***ing the way to a zero-carbon future.

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